1	What in the world do I do with quotations?????
2	Caution Virtually never should a quotation appear as a separate sentence in your paper, unaccompanied by some introductory, or sometimes trailing, phrase.
3	What do I do to ?? “Introduce”?? A quotation? Huh? Introduce a quotation by signaling that it is coming and perhaps by indicating your purpose in using it. How?
4	"You may name the title..." You may name the title of the source and the author in a signal phrase: In her book Contemporary Feminist Thought, Eisenstein warns against a "false universalism that addresses itself to all women."
5	"Or you may wish to..." Or you may wish to name only the author: In a discussion of Enlightenment political philosophy, Eisenstein asserts that while "liberal theory contested the divine right of monarchs and aristocrats to political rule," women questioned the "divine" right of men to deny suffrage to half the population.1
6	"There are many graceful ways..." There are many graceful ways to integrate a quotation into your text, but try to keep in mind that quotations are confusing if they appear to
7	Methods to Use
8	An Introducing Phrase or Orienter plus the Quotation: In this poem it is creation, not a hypothetical creator, that is supremely awesome. [argument sentence] The speaker asks, "What immortal hand or eye / Dare frame thy fearful symmetry?" [data sentence; orienter before quote]
9	"Gatsby is not to be..." Gatsby is not to be regarded as a personal failure. [argument sentence] "Gatsby turned out all right at the end" (176), according to Nick. [data sentence; orienter after quote] "I know you blame me," Mrs. Compson tells Jason (47). [data sentence; orienter after quote] Is she expressing her own sense of guilt? [argument sentence]
10	An Assertion of Your Own and a Colon plus the Quotation: Vivian hates the knights for scorning her, and she dreams of achieving glory by destroying Merlin's: "I have made his glory mine" (390).
11	"Fitzgerald gives Nick a muted..." Fitzgerald gives Nick a muted tribute to the hero: "Gatsby turned out all right at the end" (176). Cassio represents not only a political but also a personal threat to Iago: "He hath a daily beauty in his life / That makes me ugly . . ." (5.1.19-20).
12	An Assertion of Your Own with Quoted Material Worked In: For Nick, who remarks that Gatsby "turned out all right" (176), the hero deserves respect but perhaps does not inspire great admiration. Satan's motion is many things; he "rides" through the air (63), "rattles" (65), and later explodes, "wanders and hovers" like a fire (293). © 2001 The University of Wisconsin-Madison Writing Center <writing@facstaff.wisc.edu>
13	"The goal of introducing direct..." The goal of introducing direct quotations into your paper is to support the points you are trying to make. If the quotations are carefully introduced, the reader knows at all times who is speaking, and the reader will not be jarred by awkward shifts in sentence style or syntax.
14	"Thus" Thus, the test of good incorporation of quoted material into your text is to read your text aloud, including the quoted material, neither pausing nor making reference to quotation marks. The text should read as smoothly as though it were all in your own words. Work the quotations into your own sentences. To do this, try the following strategies.
15	Variety Use a variety of words or phrases to introduce the quoted material, not only to prevent monotony, but also (1) to add to the authority, and (2) to indicate why you are quoting.
16	"Many terms may be used..." Many terms may be used to introduce quoted material: asserts, believes, claims, comments, confirms, declares, defines, describes, explains, indicates, makes clear, proposes, etc. However, these terms are not interchangeable. Make your choice based on your meaning.
17	"Example" Example: All of us know the grammar of our own language because, as Robert C. Pooley writes, “Grammar is the structure: the observation of what people do when they use English words in discourse. Grammar, as here defined," he continues, "makes no choices, expresses no preferences, takes no sides, creates no standards" (95).
18	Caution Maintain continuity between the direct quotation, the summary, the paraphrase, and the comment that surrounds it. When direct quotations are used effectively, they are usually introduced purposefully, set in an appropriate context through summary, adjusted to the syntax of the paper by paraphrase, and commented upon by the author of the paper.
19	"Example" Example: Edward P. J. Corbett, one of America's most distinguished rhetoricians, defines grammar clearly "as the study of how a language 'works'--a study of how the structural system of a language combines with a vocabulary to convey meaning" (111).
20	"In March" In March, 1979, J. Thomas Underleider and David K. Wellisch reported in the American Journal of Psychiatry that they had taken up the issue of "coercive persuasion (brainwashing)" and "deprogramming" in the religious cults because deprogramming had raised "intriguing and disturbing questions for the medical, and legal and mental health professions." They again cite the eight elements of brainwashing, summarizing Lifton's earlier description. Deprogramming, according to Underleider and Wellisch, uses methods ranging from "gentle rap" sessions to sleep deprivation and sensory overload, with marathon-type encounters that feature shouting, repetitious derogation of the cult, isolation of the person from his associates . . . and, occasionally, use of physical force" (279). The methods seem to be strikingly like brainwashing.
21	"Note that the author has..." Note that the author has introduced the quotation by establishing the authority of Underleider and Wellisch. J. Thomas Underleider and David K. Wellisch reported in the American Journal of Psychiatry
22	"Note that the author established..." Note that the author established the context by summarizing the reasons they were studying the phenomenon called "brainwashing." because deprogramming had raised "intriguing and disturbing questions for the medical, and legal and mental health professions."
23	"Note that the author has..." Note that the author has adjusted the syntax of the quoted material to the syntax of the paper by paraphrasing a few words just before entering into the quotation . . . that they had taken up the issue of "coercive persuasion (brainwashing . . . .
24	"Further note that the author..." Further note that the author commented on the material in the conclusion of the paragraph. The methods seem to be strikingly like brainwashing.
25	The sequence, then, is as follows: identify the source [sometimes, not always, though you always document it, thus identifying it.] summarize to provide context paraphrase to adjust syntax directly quote to lend authority or precision comment to assure coherence
26	DO NOT LET THE QUOTATIONS TAKE CONTROL. Remember that your ideas are primary and that you are only using quotations to add support to your points. Therefore, they must always be integrated into your writing.
27	Some Hints If using a phrase to introduce, punctuate with a comma: , As the United States Catholic Bishops Conference asserts, "Catholics in the United States have special responsibilities to protect human life and dignity and to stand with those who are poor and vulnerable" (Everyday, par. 16).
28	"If using a whole sentence..." If using a whole sentence as an introduction, end it with a colon: : But the Bishops deny that political opinions are simply a private matter: "Our political choices should not reflect simply our own interests, partisan preferences or ideological agendas, but should be shaped by the principles of our faith and our commitment to justice, especially to the weak and vulnerable" (USCC, Everyday, par. 16). [The quotation “proves” the first sentence.]
29	"Finally" Finally, it is possible just to blend your sentence right into the quotation with no punctuation: The US Catholic Conference repudiates the contention "that religion is a private matter, to be tolerated as long as it is detached from our lives as workers and citizens" (Everyday, par. 19).
30	"English has a wealth of..." English has a wealth of alternatives to "said" or "stated" for introducing quotations. Choosing from among these alternatives allows the sophisticated writer to characterize--and to interpret--the content, context, and attitude of quotations.
31	"Remember" Remember: Your readers are interested in your opinions, insights, and analysis. In most cases, if they want a full understanding of the background literature associated with your topic, they'll go back to the original. Use outside material to further illustrate your argument or analysis--according to the Little Brown Handbook, the point of research is to investigate and go beyond sources, to interpret them and convey your interpretations to your readers (556). The Writing Center Dr. Janet Wright Starner, Director
32	Verbs to Introduce Quotations acknowledges adds admits agrees argues asserts believes claims comments compares confirms contends declares denies disputes emphasizes
33	"The words in the following..." The words in the following list are not interchangeable: each will put a quotation in a slightly different light. The list is not exhaustive. Acknowledged, added, admitted, advised, advocated, affirmed, agreed, alleged, announced, answered, argued, articulated, asked, assented, asserted, assured, attested. Begged, boasted, Called, charged, claimed, commanded, commented, conceded, concluded, concurred, confessed, contended, continued, contradicted, counseled, countered, debated, decided, declared, demanded, denied, denounced, described, dictated, directed, disclosed, elaborated, enjoined, entreated, exclaimed, exhorted, explained. Granted, Held, hesitated, hinted, Imparted, indicated, inferred, inquired, insinuated, insisted, intimated, Lamented, lectured, lied, Maintained, mentioned, noted, objected, observed, ordered, pleaded, pointed out, preached, proclaimed, pronounced, protested, proved, queried, questioned, quibbled, quoted, reasoned, recited, recognized, recounted, refuted, regretted, reiterated, rejoined, related, remarked, reminded, repeated, replied, reported, requested, responded, revealed, ruled, stated, stipulated, suggested, supposed. Talked, testified, thought, told, translated, urged, uttered, vowed, warned.
34	To Indicate Order: first, second etc. next, last, finally first of all meanwhile followed by, after that next, before, after
35	To Introduce an Example: for example for instance this can be seen when/where . . . such is the case in . . .
36	To Introduce a Comparison: in a different way/sense similarly likewise similar to like, just like conversely
37	To Introduce an Additional Idea: in addition also, another besides, too one can also say furthermore moreover
38	To Indicate Contrast: in contrast however on the other hand but on the contrary a different view is . . . differing from unlike
39	To Introduce an Opposite Idea: however on the other hand instead in contrast whereas nevertheless despite even though but one could also say . . .
40	To Logically Divide an Idea: first, second, third etc. next, last, finally
41	To List in Order of Importance: first, second etc. next, last, finally more importantly, less significantly more significantly, less significantly above all primarily
42	??How many direct quotes?? Knowing when to quote and when not to quote is important for producing a valuable paper. Quoting in excess will not impress your reader /teacher /professor who wants to know what you have understood from the information that you collected. Indirect quotation (paraphrasing and summarizing) reflects that you have thought about the information and are using it to present your point of view of the topic being researched. References (citations, documentation) are made to support your ideas so that the facts can be verified by the reader. The best advice is to paraphrase and summarize whenever possible.
43	"When direct quotation is necessary" When direct quotation is necessary, kept it as short as possible. Long quotations may be distracting to readers and may contain material irrelevant to the central focus of your paper. So, keep your direct quotations short and to the point.
44	Why would you quote rather than paraphrase a reading passage? 1. Because the author's words are so impressive that to put them into your own words would lessen their impact. 2. Because the author's words are so precise that to express them in any other words would change their meaning. 3. Because the author's words are so concise--I would have to use twice as many words to paraphrase the passage.
45	"When you use a quotation" When you use a quotation, you must incorporate it into your own message. Further, you must do that in such a way that your paper has a smooth, natural rhythm. Otherwise, your readers will not see the connection between the quotation and the rest of the message in your paper. In other words, the quotation will appear to have no function.
46	"Insert ellipses ( . ...." Insert ellipses ( . . . ) in places where you delete any words from the original quotation. Note: . space . space . space Use brackets [ ] to add words to or to substitute words for those in the original quotation.
47	INSERTING WORDS INTO QUOTED MATERIAL If you need to add words to or change words in a quotation, put the additional or changed word within brackets [ ]. Two reasons for inserting words are to Add words to help clarify a quotation. Substitute words to make a quotation fit smoothly into your own sentence, as long as you don't change the author's intended meaning. For example, use brackets to change verb tenses or to change pronouns to nouns.
48	"Utterson tries to believe that..." Utterson tries to believe that all will be well with Dr. Jekyll, but “Struggle as he might, there [is] borne in upon his mind a crushing anticipation of calamity.” The novel has the word was instead of is. The tense would not fit the sentence, so brackets [ ] are used to make the quotation fit your own sentence and usage.
49	COMMENTING ON QUOTATIONS What you say after you have included a quotation depends on your purpose. The important point to remember is that your readers will not understand why a quotation is included unless you tell them.
50	Some Ways to Comment Add details, facts, or ideas that reveal the quotation's truth. Explain the connection between the quotation and what has already been presented in your paper. Refer to an important word or phrase in the quotation and explain its significance. Explain how your position matches the quotation: for example, agree or disagree with the point made in the quotation.
51	"Example" Example: As Markel says, "To enter into a culture is to be able to hear, in Lionel Trilling's phrase, its special 'hum and buzz of implication.’ " These “hummings” and buzzings” bring in nonverbal areas and the prime stumbling block. People from different cultures inhabit different nonverbal sensory words. Each sees, hears, feels, and smells only that which has some meaning or importance for him.
52	"The work you produce for..." The work you produce for senior project may involve the important ideas, writings, and discoveries of experts in your field of study. These contributions are always acknowledged by referencing, and there will be times when you introduce other people's views into your work and want to name them in the text. Naming other authors when you're introducing their views into your work can be done with quotations or paraphrase.
53	Caution Realize that you will often not use the author’s name in your own sentences. You only identify him in your words [as opposed to your parenthetical documentation] when he is important, when the reader will or should know who he is.
54	"Example" Example: James Allen Smith has said that yoga is one of the two most important leisure activities America has ever seen in terms of mental health for its participants. Who is James Allen Smith? Why should anyone believe him? Why should anyone care what in the world he has said?
55	When to do it when you want to use an author as an authoritative voice to introduce an author's position you may wish to discuss to provide evidence for your own writing to make a clear distinction between the views of different authors to make a clear distinction between an author's views and your own
56	Introductory Phrases X states that . . . X claims that . . . X asserts that . . . X agrees that . . . X strongly argues . . . X comments that . . . X suggests that . . . X comments that . . . X says that . . .
57	"Example" Example Harrison (567) strongly argues that "Freud suffered from a serious personality disorder.”
58	Last But Not Least! Any sentence that contains a quotation must be grammatically correct. The quotation itself may contain a mistake [sic.], but the grammar of the quotation must match the grammar of your own sentence. Ask about [sic.].
59	"wrong" wrong In some Indian societies, control over agriculture and certain political powers such as nominating "the male candidates for chief, and initiate a chief's removal" were given to women. better In some Indian societies, control over agriculture and certain political powers such as nominating "the male candidates for chief" and initiating "a chief's removal" were given to women.
60	"OR" OR In some Indian societies, control over agriculture and certain political powers such as nominating "the male candidates for chief, and [initiating] a chief's removal" were given to women.
61	"weak" weak One last quote from Jones to reinforce his statement is, “The whole purpose of colonization was to get rich quick, which explains the English's treatment of the Indians." better Summarizing his entire argument, Jones maintains that “The whole purpose of colonization was to get rich quick, which explains the English's treatment of the Indians."
62	"wrong" wrong Europeans felt that Indian family life raised "the specter of promiscuous women...lack of chastity and modesty." better Europeans felt that Indian family life raised "the specter of promiscuous women." They were particularly concerned about the "lack of chastity and modesty."
63	"You can also" You can also, rarely, add information to a quotation by enclosing your own words in square brackets [ ]. There are several reasons you may wish to do this: To clarify an unclear pronoun reference To keep your tenses consistent To add needed explanatory material [used very rarely!] To point out a grammatical error in the original source by placing [sic.] after the error. Note: Unless you identify errors in quotations with [sic], I will assume that any mistakes are your typos and will point them out.
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